Influencia de la inteligencia emocional en la satisfacción laboral en trabajadores españoles / Influence of emotional intelligence in job satisfaction in Spanish workers

Resumen La inteligencia emocional tiene un gran impacto a nivel personal y profesional. La esfera laboral representa una parte fundamental en la vida de las personas, siendo uno de los indicadores de éxito en el trabajo la satisfacción laboral, de ahí que el objetivo propuesto sea comprobar la relación entre inteligencia emocional y satisfacción laboral. Este estudio cuenta con 214 participantes entre 18 y 65 años (media=39.69; DT=12.967; 56.25% mujeres, 43.75 % hombres) de diferentes ámbitos profesionales -sociosanitario, educativo, servicios y manipulativo- y con diversos niveles de experiencia. El principal hallazgo ha sido confirmar que el ámbito de dedicación profesional tiene implicaciones tanto a nivel de inteligencia emocional de los trabajadores como en la satisfacción con el trabajo. Otras variables, como los años de experiencia laboral, no parecen tener influencia, al menos por sí mismas, en la satisfacción profesional percibida por los trabajadores, si bien se halló que el ámbito profesional es una variable mediadora en la relación entre inteligencia emocional y satisfacción laboral.

Abstract Emotional intelligence has a great impact on personal and professional level. Labor sphere represents a fundamental part in the lives of people, being job satisfaction one of the indicators of success at work, hence the objective proposed was to test the relationship between emotional intelligence and job satisfaction. This study included 214 participants aged 18 to 65 (mean = 39.69, SD = 12,967; 56.25% female, 43.75% male) from different professional fields -socio sanitary, educational, services and manipulative- and with different levels of experience. The main finding is that it has been confirmed that the scope of professional dedication has implications both at the level of emotional intelligence of employees, and satisfaction with work. Other variables, such as years of work experience do not appear to influence, at least for themselves, in the job satisfaction perceived by workers, although it was found that the professional field is a mediating variable in the relationship between emotional intelligence and job satisfaction.

Programas intergeneracionales y participación social: la integración de los adultos mayores españoles y latinoamericanos en la comunidad / Intergenerational Programs and Social Participation: The Integration of Spanish and Latin-American Seniors in the Community

RESUMEN De acuerdo con una perspectiva de análisis contextual y dialéctica del transcurso de la vida, se ofrece un estudio psicosociológico de las relaciones intergeneracionales en contextos familiares. Se resaltan las similitudes y divergencias del proceso de envejecimiento en contextos europeos y latinoamericanos atendiendo al proceso de postmodernización de la familia. Se promueve el envejecimiento activo y la superación optimizante del paradigma de la decadencia y la pérdida, para lo cual se valora el fomento y la dinamización de la participación social y comunitaria de los adultos mayores en programas intergeneracionales. Se concluye que en nuestras sociedades, tanto del arco mediterráneo como latinoamericanas, la proliferación de redes de apoyo social basadas en el compromiso de la reciprocidad intrafamiliar e intergeneracional son un ejemplo del paradigma del envejecimiento productivo.

ABSTRACT According to a dialectical context of lifetime analysis perspective, provides a psychosocial study of intergenerational relationships in familiar contexts. Emphasis is placed on the similarities and differences of the process of aging in European and Latin-American contexts attending to the process of post modernization of the family and to macro situational aspects. It also promotes active aging and optimizing overcoming the paradigm of decay and loss, for which values the development and revitalization of social and community participation of older people in intergenerational programs. We conclude that in our societies, the Mediterranean and Latin-America, the proliferation of social support networks based on the commitment of the reciprocity and inter generational are a clear example of the paradigm of the productive aging.

Factores sociodemográficos y familiares en menores de España con medida judicial, cívicos e infractores / Socio-demographic and family factors in Spanish children that engage in criminal or civic-minded behavior / Fatores sociodemográficos e familiares em menores espanhóis com medida judicial, cívicos e infratores

El objetivo de este estudio es analizar factores vinculados a la estructura y funcionalidad familiar, así como de carácter sociodemográfico, relacionados con el comportamiento delictivo en adolescentes. Para ello, seleccionamos aleatoriamente una muestra de escolares (n=118) del Principado de Asturias (España), divididos en dos grupos: cívico (n=87) y comportamiento delictivo (n=31), así como un grupo de adolescentes que cumplen Medida Judicial en Régimen Medio Abierto (n=22). Hallamos diferencias significativas en función de características individuales como edad, género y nivel de estudios, siendo los varones con mayor edad los que presentan más conductas delictivas. La formación académica de la madre, la separación conyugal y la ausencia del padre, son factores influyentes en el desarrollo de comportamientos delictivos que deriven en una sanción penal. Proponemos una discusión sobre las implicaciones de los resultados para la prevención de los comportamientos delictivos en menores.

This study aims to analyze factors associated with family structure and functionality, as well as socio-demographic characteristics, related to criminal behavior in adolescents. The authors selected a random sample of students (n=118) from the Principality of Asturias (Spain) that were divided into two groups: civic-minded (n=87) and criminal behavior (n= 31) and a group of adolescents that are currently the subject of court ordered sanctions (n=22). Significant differences were found in terms of individual characteristics such as age, gender and educational level, with older male adolescents presenting the highest levels of criminal behavior. The educational level of mothers, whether parents have separated and absent fathers are influential in the development of criminal behavior that could result in court-ordered punishments. The implications of these results for the prevention of juvenile criminal behavior are discussed.

O objetivo deste estudo é analisar os fatores associados à estrutura e à funcionalidade familiar, bem como a natureza sociodemográfica, relacionados ao comportamento criminal em adolescentes. Para isso, foi selecionada uma amostra aleatória de estudantes (n=118) do Principado de Asturias (Espanha), divididos em dois grupos: cívico (n= 87) e comportamento criminoso (n=31), assim como um grupo de adolescentes que cumprem Medida Judicial em regime semiaberto (n=22). Foram encontradas diferenças significativas em termos de características individuais, tais como idade, sexo e nível de escolaridade, sendo os homens mais velhos os que apresentam maior comportamento criminal. A formação acadêmica da mãe, a separação dos pais e a ausência do pai são fatores que influenciam no desenvolvimento de comportamento criminoso que poderia resultar em sanção penal. São discutidas as implicações dos resultados para a prevenção de comportamento criminoso juvenil.

AFRONTAMIENTO DE CONFLICTOS EN LA SOCIALIZACIÓN ADOLESCENTE. PROPUESTA DE UN MODELO / Coping of conflicts in the teen socialization. Proposal of a model

La desadaptación juvenil está asociada con diversos factores psicosociales, y los de carácter familiar y escolar son algunos de los más significativos. El objetivo del estudio es explicar la relación que existe entre los factores de socialización y afrontamiento en la resolución de problemas para el desarrollo de una competencia social adaptada en el periodo adolescente. Para ello, se seleccionaron los participantes mediante un muestreo intencional, con submues-treo por conglomerados, y el total fue de 493 alumnos adolescentes (rango de edad de 12 a 19 años). Los resultados confirman que los adolescentes cuentan con los medios suficientes para afrontar los problemas y optan por la inmediatez de la respuesta, constatando como variables importantes aquellas que tienen que ver con el apoyo social y la consideración de los demás, la influencia negativa del retraimiento social y el autocontrol en las relaciones sociales. Se plantea la importancia del proceso de socialización en el andamiaje para alcanzar una adaptación competente.

The juvenile maladjustment is associated with several psychosocial factors, the family and school some of the most significant. The aim of this study is to explain the relationship between socialization and coping factors in problem solving for the development of social competence adapted in the adolescent period. To this end, participants selected trough by purposive sampling with subsampling cluster with a total of 493 adolescents students (age range 12-19 years). The found results confirm that our teenagers have the means to address problems and opt for the immediacy of the response, noting important variables as those having to do with social support and consideration of others, the negative influence of social withdrawal and self-control in social relations. The importance of the socialization process in the scaffold is proposed to achieve a competent adaptation.

Efectos diferenciales sobre las actitudes ante la experimentación con alcohol y la percepción de riesgo en adolescentes españoles consumidores de cannabis y alcohol / Differential effects on attitudes regarding alcohol experimentation and risk perception among Spanish adolescents consumers of cannabis and alcohol

Introduction This research offers a comprehensive analysis of the distinctive status of Alcohol in two types of young consumers (alcohol and alcohol/ cannabis), which is internalised by the consumers themselves, creating a distortion in their risk perceptions inherent to experimentation. In this sense, the focus of this study is on the change experienced in the attitude sphere in a threefold dimension: cognitive factors (beliefs, expectations, perceptions, etc.), affective factors (identification with the user, liking or disliking, etc.), and behavioural factors (inclination to accept the habit); as well as risk perception and the conscience of the physical and/or psychosocial damage derived from alcohol experimentation and the motivations that lead to its consumption in a sample of adolescents from four High Schools in the Principality of Asturias (Spain). We link such attitude profiles to the social representation of recreational drugs associated with socio-cognitive restructurating processes promoted by the corresponding user mentalities. In addition, there is evidence of the influence of the sociocultural context on the distinctive status of the psychoactive substances analysed, in this case alcohol and those derived from cannabis. Contrary to the high permissiveness towards alcohol, other psychoactive substances, such as cannabis products, are socially demonised, as they have been considered a gateway for the use of other drugs coming from a tradition far from the western one. However, there appear to be more permissive consciences lately. In relation to young people, attitudes of guilt are being made more flexible, a tendency that can be extended to the distortion of risk perception in alcohol consumption among the users of cannabis products themselves. Strictly, we should consider the distinctive perceptions of the risks associated with experimentation and the attitude patterns that identify them. We must also consider cannabis products and whether or not they are being compared to alcohol as a social drug, or if, on the contrary, the rejection conscience of such practices is being reinforced. Materials and method A distinctive and descriptive analysis of users of alcohol and cannabis products with respect to non-users is presented. This analysis encompasses the attitude sphere, risk perception and the knowledge of the negative consequences derived from the use of alcohol and other experimentation with psychoactive substances in a sample of 273 adolescents, chosen from four High Schools in the Principality of Asturias (Spain) by means of an intentional sampling. They have different academic levels and are within the ages of 14 to 18, the average age being 16.5. 140 of them are girls (51.3% of the sample) and 133 boys (48.7% remaining). The main variables studied are those related to attitudes towards adolescents' use of alcohol alone and those who habitually use it with cannabis products. The main study variables are represented by the attitude sphere, risk perception, the problematic of alcohol consumption, and the knowledge of the negative consequences derived from alcohol consumption and from other experimentations with cannabis and other psychoactive substances. A questionnaire, created ad hoc, has been provided by the researchers, which, under the label of Scale of attitudes and habits of alcohol consumption, includes an analysis of different related elements in the aetiological proposal. The value of Alpha in 273 valid cases and 142 items is .9171. With regard to the research procedure, an anonymous presentation of the Scale to the aforementioned group of students over a two-week time period has been prepared. For the statistical treatment of the data, a statistics package SPSS, version 14.0 has been used. Results According to the results obtained, it is confirmed that adolescent alcohol consumers, on one hand, and those who consume alcohol and cannabis products, on the other, show attitudes of great permissiveness towards consumption, distorted beliefs and expectations, socio-affective alienation and scarce sensitising with respect to those affected by the problematic of it, and a favourable disposition to consumption and even an alcoholic habituation. Firstly, a comparative analysis of response percentages has been done, before indicators through which different aspects of the cognitive, affective and behavioural dimensions of the attitude towards alcohol consumption are evaluated, along with the distortion of risk perception and basic information about the consequences derived from consumption experiences, in either adolescents who are users of alcohol, or those who, apart from alcohol, are habitual users of cannabis products. From the descriptive analysis some conclusions can be drawn such as: • Obvious permissive disposition towards the process of alcoholic habituation in adolescent users of alcohol, mainly extensible to users of both alcohol and cannabis products. • From the evaluation of the cognitive dimension of the attitudes, explicit disposition is confirmed, in the sense of displaying a distortion of these attitudes. This can be attributed to, as it has been pointed out in the theoretical exposition, the possible action of the user mentality. • In the evaluation of attitude aspects, a dominant tendency to display a scarce identification and sensitising disposition with respect to those who give up drinking or are abstemious and even to openly show rejection to congratulating somebody that has given up drinking. • Lastly, the finding of coincidences between adolescent alcohol users and those who also use cannabis products in the determination of the main motivations that drive their alcohol consumption. The tendency of a more permissive attitude towards alcohol consumption in adolescents is confirmed along with a distorted perception of the risks derived from questions related to organic damage associated with experimentation. In the evaluation of the alcoholism problematic in our society, we also have found the confirmation of a mentality associated with experimentation that leads to a distortion of the damages derived from experimentation. Therefore, with respect to the distinctive analysis of the main motivations that drive alcohol consumption, a tendency of evasion of routine is confirmed. Peer pressure by consumer friends, disposition to lose one's inhibitions, meeting people, and experiencing euphoria are the main reasons that drive experimentation in adolescents who consume alcohol and, also, in those users of both alcohol and cannabis products. A tendency to recognise the scarce negative consequences suffered is derived from the analysis of the degree of perceived problems stemming from experimentation with different psychoactive substances, as well as the risk perception and negative consequences derived from their experiences of alcohol consumption and from the main explicit reasons for not drinking. According to an analysis procedure similar to the aforementioned, the importance of the differences found between consumers and non-consumers either of alcohol or both alcohol and cannabis products could be determined, confirming recognition of worse consequences perceived on physical and psychosocial health derived from experimentation, even though it cannot benefit a real consciousness, as has been confirmed through the previous attitude analysis.

Objetivo Nuestro objeto de estudio es el análisis de las actitudes hacia la experimentación con sustancias psicoactivas (alcohol y cannabis) de acuerdo a una triple dimensionalidad: factores cognitivos (creencias, expectativas, percepciones, etc.), afectivos (identificación con los usuarios, agrado o desagrado, etc.) y comportamentales (inclinación para la aceptación del hábito). Así como la percepción de riesgos y la conciencia de daño físico y/o psicosocial derivado de la experimentación con alcohol. Además de analizar los motivadores del consumo en una muestra de adolescentes de cuatro Centros de Secundaria del Principado de Asturias, España. Se ofrece un análisis comprehensivo del estatuto diferencial que el alcohol tiene entre dos perfiles de jóvenes consumidores (alcohol y alcohol/cannabis) que es interiorizado por los propios consumidores afectando a una distorsión de sus percepciones de riesgo inherentes a la experimentación. Vinculamos semejantes perfiles actitudinales a procesos de reestructuración sociocognitiva y de carácter motivacional impulsados por las correspondientes mentalidades del usuario. Asimismo, se evidencia la influencia del contexto sociocultural sobre el estatuto diferencial de las sustancias psicoactivas objeto de análisis, en este caso alcohol y derivados cannábicos. Material y métodos Se realizó un muestreo intencional de un colectivo de 273 adolescentes escolarizados de diferentes niveles académicos de edades que oscilan entre los 14 y 18 años que cursan estudios en cuatro Centros de Enseñanza Secundaria del Principado de Asturias, España. Las principales variables investigadas son las relativas a las actitudes ante el consumo de alcohol por parte de adolescentes experimentadores de tal sustancia y de aquellos que usan regularmente junto al alcohol los derivados cannábicos. La esfera actitudinal ha representado la principal área explorada bajo una triple dimensionalidad: factores cognitivos (creencias, expectativas, percepciones, etc.), afectivos (identificación con los usuarios, agrado o desagrado, etc.) y comportamentales (disposición para el consumo e inclinación para la aceptación del hábito). Asimismo, se ha investigado acerca de las motivaciones que impulsan al consumo y las razones explicitadas para beber y no beber, así como sobre aquellas que pueden mediatizar semejantes usos. Junto al plano actitudinal, la percepción del grado de riesgo y problematicidad inherente al consumo de alcohol, así como el conocimiento acerca de las consecuencias negativas derivadas del consumo de alcohol y de las experimentaciones con cannabis y otras sustancias psicoactivas representan las principales variables investigadas. Resultados Se confirma que tanto los adolescentes consumidores de alcohol, por un lado, como los de alcohol y derivados cannábicos, por otro, muestran unas actitudes de gran permisividad ante el consumo, creencias y falsas expectativas, desapego socioafectivo y escasa sensibilidad respecto a quienes se hayan afectados por la problemática, así como una disposición favorable al consumo e incluso a la habituación alcohólica. Del análisis del grado de problematicidad percibida, derivada de la experimentación con diversas sustancias psicoactivas, así como de la percepción de riesgos y consecuencias negativas que se han derivado de sus experiencias de consumo de alcohol, se deriva una tendencia a reconocer las escasas consecuencias negativas sufridas. A partir del análisis diferencial de los factores de percepción de riesgo y de las razones que podrían aducirse para no-beber se ha confirmado que los adolescentes que experimentan con alcohol y derivados cannábicos manifiestan en su conjunto una menor percepción de los riesgos asociados a la experimentación contrastando con la mayor concientización del potencial daño alcohólico de quienes no son usuarios. A partir del análisis de las actitudes globales ante el alcohol se confirma que los consumidores de otras sustancias psicoactivas -en relación con los adolescentes que beben pero no experimentan con otras drogas- son más permisivos, manifiestan unas creencias más distorsionadas y una mayor disposición hacia la habituación alcohólica.